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Hlala unolwazi ngenqubekelaphambili yethu

Ukuthenga nge-inthanethi akusimeme.Sola lezi zikhwama zepulasitiki ezitholakala yonke indawo

Ngo-2018, isevisi yekhithi yokudla enempilo i-Sun Basket yashintsha ulayini webhokisi lepulasitiki eligaywe kabusha laba yi-Sealed Air TempGuard, ulayini owenziwe ngephepha eligaywe kabusha elihlanganiswe phakathi kwamakhasi amabili ephepha le-kraft. yehlisa izinga le-carbon footprint yokuthutha, ingasaphathwa eyenani lepulasitiki elihambayo, ngisho noma limanzi.Amakhasimende ajabule.”Siyabonga kubapakishi ngokuqhamuka nalo mqondo,” kubhala omunye umbhangqwana.
Kuyisinyathelo esincomekayo sokusimama, kodwa iqiniso lihlala likhona: Imboni yekhithi yokudla ingenye yezimboni eziningi ze-e-commerce ezisathembele (emananini ashaqisayo) amaphakethe wepulasitiki—okungaphezu kwalokho okuletha ekhaya Kuningi kakhulu okupakishwayo kwepulasitiki ezitolo .Ngokujwayelekile, ungase uthenge imbiza yengilazi ye-cumin ezohlala iminyaka embalwa. Kodwa ephaketheni lokudla, ithisipuni ngayinye yesinongo kanye nocezu ngalunye lwesoso ye-adobo inopulasitiki wayo, futhi njalo ebusuku uphinda inqwaba yepulasitiki. , upheka izindlela zabo zokupheka ezipakishwe ngaphambilini.Akunakwenzeka ukuphuthelwa.
Naphezu kwemizamo ejulile ye-Sun Basket yokuthuthukisa indawo yayo yemvelo, ukudla okonakalayo kusafanele kuthuthwe ngezikhwama zepulasitiki. USean Timberlake, umphathi omkhulu wezokuthengisa okuqukethwe e-Sun Basket, wangitshela nge-imeyili: “Amaprotheni avela kubahlinzeki bangaphandle, njengenyama nenhlanzi, ayiwo isivele ipakishwe kubahlinzeki bangaphandle kusetshenziswa inhlanganisela ye-polystyrene ne-polypropylene Layer.”"Lesi yizinto ezijwayelekile zemboni eziklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa izinga eliphezulu lokudla nokuphepha."
Lokhu kuthembela kupulasitiki akukhona nje kuphela ekuthutheni ukudla.Abathengisi be-E-commerce banganikela kalula ngamabhokisi ekhadibhodi anokuqukethwe okugaywa kabusha, iphepha lethishu eliqinisekiswe yi-FSC noyinki wesoya abangagxishwa emigqonyeni egaywa kabusha. izinto ezinhle bese ugoqa izitsha zengilazi noma zensimbi ngegwebu lokupakisha elisekelwe kukhowe kanye namakinati agcwele isitashi ancibilika emanzini. imboni njengezikhwama zepulasitiki.
Ngikhuluma ngesikhiya se-zip esicacile noma isikhwama sepulasitiki esinegama ozolisebenzisa kuwo wonke ama-oda akho aku-inthanethi, yonke into kusukela ezintweni zokudla kuye kwezemfashini namathoyizi nezinto zikagesi. Yize zenziwe ngezinto ezifanayo ncamashi nezikhwama zokuthenga zegrosa zepulasitiki. , izikhwama zepulasitiki ezisetshenziselwa ukuthutha azizange zibe ngaphansi kokuhlolwa okufanayo okusabalele emphakathini, futhi azikho ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa noma izintela.Kodwa ziyinkinga ngempela.
Amaphakheji alinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-165 athunyelwa e-US ngo-2017, amaningi awo anezikhwama zepulasitiki zokuvikela izingubo zokugqoka noma izingxenye ze-elekthronikhi noma izitezi zenyathi. I-Ejensi ibika ukuthi izakhamizi zase-US zisebenzisa izikhwama zepulasitiki nezisonga ezingaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingama-380 unyaka ngamunye.
Bekungeke kube inkinga uma singathola imfucuza yethu ngendlela efanele, kodwa inqwaba yale pulasitiki - amathani ayizigidi eziyi-8 ngonyaka - ingena olwandle, futhi abacwaningi abanaso isiqiniseko sokuthi, noma ngabe, izowohloka nini ngempela. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ivele ihlehle ibe yizicucu ezinobuthi ezincane nezincane (nakuba zincane kakhulu) okuya ngokuba nzima ukuba singazinaki.Ngo-December, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi amaphesenti angu-100 ezimfudu ezincane anepulasitiki eziswini zazo.Amaplastiki amancane atholakala emanzini kampompi. emhlabeni jikelele, iningi likasawoti olwandle, futhi - ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-equation - indle yabantu.
Izikhwama zepulasitiki ziyakwazi ukugaywa kabusha ngokobuchwepheshe (ngakho-ke azikho “ohlwini olungeluhle” lohlelo lwe-Nestlé lokuqeda izinto zokupakisha), futhi izifundazwe eziningi manje zidinga izitolo zegrosa kanye nezitolo ezidayisa ukudla ukuze zinikeze amakhasimende imigqomo yokuvuselela izikhwama zepulasitiki ezisetshenzisiwe.Kodwa e-United States, akukho lutho olungagaywa kabusha ngaphandle kwalapho ibhizinisi lizimisele ukuthenga izinto ezigaywa kabusha.Izikhwama zepulasitiki ezimsulwa zishibhile kakhulu ngesenti elilodwa esikhwameni, futhi izikhwama zepulasitiki ezindala (ezivame ukungcoliswa) kuthiwa azinamsebenzi;asanda kulahlwa. Lokho kwakungaphambi kokuba i-China iyeke ukwamukela izinto zethu ezigaywa kabusha ngo-2018.
Ukudlondlobala kwemfucuza engapheli kuyimpendulo kule nkinga. Abameli balwela ukungathumeli lutho endaweni yokulahla imfucumfucu ngokuthenga okuncane;sebenzisa kabusha kanye nomquba lapho kungenzeka khona;uphathe izitsha nezitsha ezingasetshenziswa kabusha;futhi iphathe amabhizinisi anikeza izigaba zamahhala. Kungase kukhungathekise kakhulu lapho omunye walaba bathengi abaqaphelayo e-oda okuthile kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi uhlobo oluqhubekayo futhi ekuthola esikhwameni sepulasitiki.
"Ngisanda kuthola i-oda lakho futhi lapakishwa esikhwameni sepulasitiki," omunye wamazwana uphendule okuthunyelwe kuka-Everlane ku-Instagram ekhuthaza imihlahlandlela yakhe yokuthi "akukho pulasitiki omusha".
Izinguquko ezincane zingenza umehluko omkhulu, futhi sikhona ukuze sisize.Sethula umhlahlandlela wethu omusha ongenaplastiki.Uyawufuna?Landa ngesixhumanisi esiku-bio yethu futhi uzibophezele ku-#ReNewToday kumazwana angezansi.
Ocwaningweni lwango-2017 olwenziwa yi-Packaging Digest kanye ne-Sustainable Packaging Alliance, ochwepheshe bokupakisha kanye nabanikazi bomkhiqizo bathi imibuzo abathengi abababuza yona kakhulu ithi a) kungani ukupakishwa kwabo kungasebenzi, kanye b) nokuthi kungani ukupakisha kwabo kukuningi kakhulu.
Kusukela ezingxoxweni zami nemikhiqizo emikhulu nezincane, ngifunde ukuthi izimboni eziningi zezimpahla zabathengi zaphesheya kwezilwandle - nazo zonke izimboni zezingubo - kusukela kumaworkshop amancane kuya ezimbonini ezinkulu ezinabantu abangu-6,000, bapakisha imikhiqizo yabo ephelile kupulasitiki abayithandayo.esikhwameni sepulasitiki.Ngoba uma zingafiki, izimpahla ngeke zifike kuwe ngokwemibandela oyicelile.
“Abathengi abangakuboni ukugeleza kwezimpahla zokugqoka e-supply chain,” kusho u-Dana Davis, iphini likamongameli wezokusimama, imikhiqizo kanye namasu ebhizinisi omkhiqizo wemfashini uMara Hoffman.Izingubo zikaMara Hoffman zikhiqizwa e-United States, ePeru, eNdiya. naseShayina.” Uma sebeqedile, badinga ukuya kumshayeli wamaloli, endaweni yokulayisha impahla, omunye umshayeli wamaloli, ikhonteyina, bese kuba umshayeli wamaloli.Ayikho indlela yokusebenzisa into engangeni manzi.Into yokugcina umuntu ayifunayo inqwaba yezimpahla ezilimele neziphenduke izibi.”
Ngakho-ke uma ungasitholanga isikhwama sepulasitiki ngesikhathi usithenga, akusho ukuthi sasingekho ngaphambili, ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi othile wasikhipha ngaphambi kokuba impahla yakho ifinyelele kuwe.
Ngisho nePatagonia, inkampani eyaziwa ngokukhathalela imvelo, ibidayisa izingubo ezenziwe ngamabhodlela epulasitiki agaywe kabusha kusukela ngo-1993, futhi izingubo zayo manje sezifakwe ezikhwameni zepulasitiki. kusukela ngaphambi kuka-2014, lapho eshicilela imiphumela yecala locwaningo lwePatagonia ngezikhwama zepulasitiki.(Isexwayiso se-Spoiler: ziyadingeka.)
“Siyinkampani enkulu impela, futhi sinesistimu yebhande eliyinkimbinkimbi esikhungweni sethu sokusabalalisa e-Reno,” kusho yena.” Kungumkhiqizo ohamba phambili ngempela.Ziyakhuphuka, zehle, zibhebhethe, zehle ngamamitha amathathu.Kufanele sibe nokuthile ukuvikela umkhiqizo.”
Izikhwama zepulasitiki ziyinketho engcono kakhulu yomsebenzi.Zilula, ziyasebenza futhi azibizi.Futhi (futhi ungase ukuthole lokhu kumangazayo) izikhwama zepulasitiki zine-GHG ekhishwayo ephansi kunezikhwama zamaphepha ekuhlaziyeni komjikelezo wokuphila okulinganisa umthelela wemvelo womkhiqizo ngaphezulu. umjikelezo wayo wokuphila wonke.Kodwa uma ubheka ukuthi kwenzekani lapho iphakethe lakho liwela olwandle - umkhomo ofile, ufudu oluminyanisiwe - kahle, ipulasitiki ibukeka kabi.
Ukucatshangelwa okokugcina kolwandle kubaluleke kakhulu ku-United by Blue, impahla yangaphandle kanye nomkhiqizo wokukhempa othembisa ukususa ikhilogremu kadoti olwandle nasemifuleni yamanzi kuwo wonke umkhiqizo othengiswayo.” Kuyindinganiso yemboni ukuhambisa yonke into ngezikhwama zepulasitiki ukuze kulawulwe ikhwalithi. kanye nokuncishiswa kokungcola, kodwa kubi endaweni ezungezile,” kusho u-Ethan Peck, umsizi wobudlelwane bomphakathi wakwaBlue. Babhekana naleli qiniso eliphazamisayo ngokuguqula ama-oda e-e-commerce asuka ezikhwameni zepulasitiki ezisezingeni lasefekthri abe ezimvilophini zephepha namabhokisi anokuqukethwe okungase kusetshenziswe kabusha okungu-100%. ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa kumakhasimende.
Ngenkathi i-United by Blue inesikhungo sayo sokusabalalisa e-Philadelphia, yathumela izikhwama zepulasitiki ezisetshenzisiwe ku-TerraCycle, isevisi ehlanganisa yonke i-mail-in recycling. t balandele imiyalelo yabo, futhi amakhasimende aqala ukuthola izikhwama zepulasitiki ngamaphasela.I-United by Blue kwadingeka ixolise futhi iqashe abasebenzi abengeziwe ukuze baqondise inqubo yokuthumela.
Manje, ngokuchichima kwezikhwama zepulasitiki ezisetshenzisiwe e-US, izinsizakalo zokuphatha imfucuza ezisingatha ukugaywa kabusha ezikhungweni zokugcwalisa ziqoqa izikhwama zepulasitiki kuze kube yilapho zithola umuntu ofuna ukuzithenga.
Izitolo zikaPatagonia kanye nozakwethu bezitolo ezinkulu bakhipha imikhiqizo ezikhwameni zepulasitiki, bayipakishe emakhathoni okuthumela, bese bayibuyisela esikhungweni sabo sokusabalalisa sase-Nevada, lapho igxivizwa khona emaphaketheni angama-cube angamamitha amane bese ithunyelwa e-The Trex, indawo yase-Nevada. , okuziguqula zibe ukudeka okugaywa kabusha kanye nefenisha yangaphandle.(Kubonakala sengathi i-Trex ukuphela kwebhizinisi lase-US elifuna ngempela lezi zinto.)
Kodwa kuthiwani uma ukhipha isikhwama sepulasitiki e-oda lakho?” Ukuya ngqo ekhasimendeni, kuyinselelo leyo,” kusho uFoster.” Kulapho esingazi khona kahle ukuthi kwenzekeni.”
Ngokufanelekile, amakhasimende azoletha izikhwama ze-e-commerce ezisetshenzisiwe kanye nezikhwama zawo zegrosa esitolo sawo segrosa sendawo, lapho kuvame ukuba khona indawo yokuqoqa. Empeleni, ngokuvamile azama ukuzimpintsha emigqonyeni yokugaywa kabusha kwepulasitiki, elimaza ukugaywa kabusha. imishini yezitshalo.
Amabhrendi aqashisayo anezingubo ezigaywe kabusha njenge-ThredUp, For Days kanye ne-Happy Ever Borrowed asebenzisa ukupakishwa kwendwangu okusebenziseka kabusha ezinkampanini ezifana ne-Returnity Innovations.Kodwa ukuthola amakhasimende ukuthi athumele ngokuzithandela ukubuya asetshenziselwe ukupakisha okungenalutho ukuze kulahlwe kahle kubonakale cishe kungenakwenzeka.
Ngenxa yazo zonke lezi zizathu ezingenhla, lapho u-Hoffman enquma eminyakeni emine edlule ukwenza iqoqo lakhe lemfashini lizinze, uDavis, iPhini likaMengameli likaMara Hoffman lokusimama, wabheka izikhwama ezivundisiwe ezenziwe ngezinto ezisekelwe esitshalweni. Inselele enkulu ukuthi iningi lebhizinisi likaMara Hoffman. ithengwa ubuthaphuthaphu, futhi abathengisi bamabhokisi amakhulu bayakhetha kakhulu ukupakisha.Uma ukupakishwa komkhiqizo onophawu kungahlangabezani nemithetho eqondile yomthengisi yokulebula nokulinganisa - ehluka kumthengisi kuye kumthengisi - umkhiqizo uzokhokhisa imali.
Amavolontiya ehhovisi likaMara Hoffman esikhungweni sokwenza umquba eDolobheni laseNew York ukuze abone noma yiziphi izinkinga zisuka nje.”Lapho usebenzisa isikhwama esivundisiwe, kufanele futhi ucabangele zonke izingxenye ezisesikhwameni: uyinki - kufanele uphrinte ukuklinywa. isixwayiso ngezilimi ezintathu - idinga izitika noma itheyiphu.Inselele yokuthola iglue ekwazi ukwenza umquba iyahlanya!”Ubone izitika zezithelo phezu kokungcola okusha nokuhle esikhungweni somphakathi sokwenza umquba.” Cabanga ngomkhiqizo omkhulu ofaka izitikha kuzo, futhi ukungcola komquba kugcwele lezo zitikha.
Olayini bezimpahla zokubhukuda zikaMara Hoffman, uthole izikhwama ezivundisiwe ezinoziphu ezivela enkampanini yakwa-Israel ebizwa ngokuthi i-TIPA.I-Composting Centre isiqinisekisile ukuthi izikhwama zingavundiswa ngemuva kwendlu, okusho ukuthi uma uwubeka enqwabeni yomquba, uzophela kancane. kunezinsuku ezingu-180. Kodwa i-oda elincane laliphezulu kakhulu, ngakho wathumela i-imeyili kuwo wonke umuntu embonini ayeyazi (kuhlanganise nami) ukuze abuze ukuthi bayayazi yini noma yimiphi imikhiqizo engaba nesithakazelo soku-oda ngayo.Ngosizo lwe-CFDA, a ambalwa amanye ama-brand ajoyine izikhwama.U-Stella McCartney wamemezela ngo-2017 ukuthi bazophinde bashintshele ezikhwameni ezivuthwayo ze-TIPA.
Izikhwama zisebenza unyaka owodwa futhi zibiza ngokuphindwe kabili kunezikhwama zepulasitiki.” Izindleko azikaze zibe yisici esisibuyisela emuva.Uma senza lolu shintsho [lwesimeme], siyazi ukuthi sizoshayeka,” kusho uDavis.
Uma ubuza abathengi, uhhafu uzokutshela ukuthi bazokhokha kakhulu ngemikhiqizo esimeme, kanti ingxenye izokutshela ukuthi bahlola ukupakishwa kwemikhiqizo ngaphambi kokuthenga ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi imikhiqizo izimisele ukwenza umthelela omuhle kwezenhlalo nezemvelo. Ukuthi lokhu kuyiqiniso yini ekusebenzeni Kulolu cwaningo lokupakisha oluqhubekayo engilushilo ekuqaleni, abaphendulile bathi abakwazanga ukwenza abathengi bakhokhele i-premium yokupakisha okusimeme.
Ithimba lakwa-Seed, inkampani yesayensi ye-microbiome ethengisa inhlanganisela yama-probiotics nama-prebiotics, lichithe unyaka licwaninga ukuze lithole isikhwama esizinzile esingathumela amakhasimende ukugcwalisa nyanga zonke.” Amagciwane azwela kakhulu - ekukhanyeni, ekushiseni, ku-oxygen ... ngisho namanani amancane umswakama ungonakalisa,” kusho omunye wabasunguli u-Ara Katz nge-imeyili. Bahlala phezu kwesikhwama esicwebezelayo se-oxygen esakhiweni esivundile kanye nesikhwama sokuvikela umswakama esivela ku-Elevate, esenziwe ngezinto ezingavuthiwe ezisekelwe ku-bio, kugwebu le-cornstarch yase-Green Cell Foam yase-American okungelona i-GMO. -iposi eligcwalisiwe.”Sikhokhe imali eningi yokupakisha, kodwa besizimisele ukuzidela,” kusho yena.Uthemba ukuthi ezinye izinkampani zizokwamukela ukupakishwa kwazo.Amakhasimende ajabule akhulume ngokusimama kweSeed kwezinye izinhlobo zabathengi njengeWarby Parker. kanye noMadewell, futhi baye bathinta iSeed ukuze bathole ulwazi olwengeziwe.
I-Patagonia igxile ezikhwameni ezenziwe nge-bio-based noma ezivundisiwe, kodwa inkinga yazo enkulu ukuthi amakhasimende kanye nabasebenzi bavame ukufaka imikhiqizo yepulasitiki evundisiwe ekugayweni kabusha kwepulasitiki evamile.” Ngokugcina zonke izikhwama zethu zifana, asingcolisi umfucuza wethu,” U-Foster uthe.Uveza ukuthi imikhiqizo yokupakisha ye-“oxo” ethi iyakwazi ukubola ivele yehle ibe yizicucu ezincane nezincane endaweni ezungezile.”Asifuni ukusekela lezo zinhlobo zezikhwama ezibolile.”
Ngakho banquma ukusebenzisa izikhwama zepulasitiki ezenziwe ngezinto ezigaywe kabusha.”Indlela isistimu yethu esebenza ngayo kufanele uskene ilebula ngebhakhodi esikhwameni.Ngakho-ke kufanele sisebenze kanzima ukuze siqinisekise ukuthi isikhwama esinokuqukethwe okungase kusetshenziswe kabusha okungu-100% sisobala.”(Uma isikhwama siphinda sigaywa kabusha, siba nobisi olwengeziwe. Ngokukhula.) “Sizihlolile zonke izikhwama ukuze siqiniseke ukuthi azinazo izithako eziyinqaba ezingadala ukuthi umkhiqizo ushintshe umbala noma udabuke.”Uthe intengo ngeke ibe phezulu kakhulu. Kwadingeka bacele izimboni zabo ezingu-80+ - zonke ezakha izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo - ukuthi ziba-odele lezi zikhwama zepulasitiki ngokukhethekile.
Kusukela ngeqoqo le-Spring 2019, elifika ezitolo namawebhusayithi ngomhla ka-1 Febhruwari, zonke izikhwama zepulasitiki zizoqukatha phakathi kuka-20% no-50% wokuqukethwe okugaywe kabusha okugunyazwe ngemva komthengi.
Ngeshwa, lesi akusona isixazululo sezinkampani zokudla.I-FDA iyakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwamaphakethe okudla epulasitiki anokuqukethwe okugaywe kabusha ngaphandle uma izinkampani zinemvume ekhethekile.
Yonke imboni yezimpahla zangaphandle, ehlinzeka amakhasimende akhathazeke kakhulu ngodoti wepulasitiki, ibilokhu izama izindlela zokuthintwa. Kunezikhwama ezincibilika emanzini, izikhwama zikamoba, izikhwama ezinezikhala ezisebenziseka kabusha, kanye ne-prAna ivumela ngisho nokuthumela okungenazikhwama ngokugoqa izingubo nokuzibopha. nge-raffia tape.Kuyaphawuleka, nokho, ukuthi akukho nokukodwa kwalokhu kuhlola okwenziwe yizinkampani ezimbalwa, ngakho-ke ayikho i-panacea engakatholakali.
U-Linda Mai Phung umakadebona wemfashini waseFrance-Vietnamese oziqondayo zonke izinselele ezikhona ekufakweni okuvumelana nemvelo. Usungule futhi uhlobo lomkhiqizo wezingubo zasemgwaqweni/ibhayisikili i-Super Vision futhi usezingeni eliphezulu esuka efekthri encane ye-denim enesimilo e-Ho. I-Chi Minh City ebizwa ngokuthi i-Evolution3 ephethwe umsunguli wakhe u-Marian von Rappard usebenza ehhovisi. Ithimba lase-Evolution3 liphinde lisebenze njengomuntu ophakathi ezinkampanini ezithengisa kakhulu ezifuna ukufaka ama-oda efektri yase-Ho Chi Minh. kuyo yonke inqubo kusukela ekuqaleni kuze kube sekupheleni.
Uzimisele kakhulu ekufakweni okusimeme waze wa-oda izikhwama ezingu-10,000 (ubuncane) bezinto zokuhamba ezibolayo ezenziwe nge-tapioca starch evela enkampanini yaseVietnam yase-Vietnamese i-Wave.Von Rappard ukhulume nemikhiqizo yezimakethe i-Evolution3 esebenze nayo ukuze izame ukubenza basebenze nabo, kodwa benqaba.Izikhwama zomdumbula zibiza amasenti angu-11 isikhwama ngasinye, uma kuqhathaniswa nesenti nje lezikhwama zepulasitiki ezivamile.
"Imikhiqizo emikhulu iyasitshela ... idinga itheyiphu [yokukhipha] ngempela," kusho uPhung. Ngokusobala, isinyathelo esengeziwe sokugoqa isikhwama nokudonsa isitikha esibolayo ephepheni bese usibeka phezulu ukuze uvale isikhwama ukumosha isikhathi okukhulu uma ukhuluma ngezinkulungwane zezicucu.Futhi isikhwama asivalwanga ngokuphelele, ukuze kungene umswakama.Lapho uPhung ecela u-Wave ukuthi enze i-sealing tape, bathi ngeke bakwazi ukubuyisela kabusha imishini yabo yokukhiqiza. .
UPhung wayazi ukuthi ngeke baphelelwe yizikhwama ze-Wave ezingu-10 000 ababezi-odile—babeneshelufu iminyaka emithathu.” Sabuza ukuthi singazenza kanjani zihlale isikhathi eside,” kusho yena.” Bathi, ‘Ungazisonga ngopulasitiki. .'”
Izigidi zabantu ziphendukela kuVox ukuze zithole ukuthi kwenzakalani ezindabeni.Umgomo wethu awukaze ube obaluleke kakhulu: ukuhlomisa ngokuqonda.Iminikelo yezimali evela kubafundi bethu iyingxenye ebalulekile yokusekela umsebenzi wethu odinga izinsiza futhi isisiza ukuthi senze izinsiza zezindaba zibe mahhala. kubo bonke.Sicela ucabange ukufaka isandla kuVox namuhla.


Isikhathi sokuthumela: Apr-29-2022